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1

In Silico Evaluation of Acriopsis liliifolia from a Mountainous Karst Ecosystem as a potential Source of Anti-inflammatory Bioactive Compounds

1Akhmad Fauzan and 2Latifa Nuraini

1Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia;

2Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia

Acriopsis liliifolia is an epiphytic orchid species belonging to the family of Orchidaceae and its found in mountainous karst ecosystem. As part of mountain biodiversity, this species has potential value as a natural source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of secondary metabolites identified from A. liliifolia through in-silico molecular docking approach. Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) data were used to identify secondary metabolite, followed by molecular docking against cyclooxygenase-2, a key enzyme involve in the inflammatory pathway. The docking results showed that several compounds had strong binding affinity toward the COX-2 enzyme. Among the identified compounds, 1,3-dilinolenoylglycerol, N-hexadecanoyl-sphinganine, pheophytin A, and N-tetradecanoyl-sphinganine showed promising docking scores, with 1,3-dilinolenoylglycerol exhibiting a binding score of -9.617 kcal/mol, stronger than the native ligand fexofenadine with -7.436 kcal/mol. These finding suggest that A. liliifolia contains potential anti-inflammatory compounds that may develop as a candidate for natural non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory agents. This study supports the importance of conserving orchid biodiversity in mountainous ecosystem while exploring its sustainable use for pharmaceutical innovation.

Acriopsis liliifolia, COX-2 Inhibitor, mountain biodiversity, bioactive compounds, biopotential.

2

Dominance of the Invasive Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri in Lake Talaga, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Annawaty, Rosfina

Prodi Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Tadulako

Introduction. Invasive alien species are a major driver of biodiversity loss and ecological change in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This study investigates the abundance and spatial distribution of the invasive freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri in Lake Talaga, Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Research Methods. Field sampling was conducted at six stations in January 2021 using standardized tray-net collections, with environmental parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and substrate type.

Data Analysis. Data analysis combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative analysis involved creating a distribution map of M. lanchesteri across Lake Talaga based on GPS coordinate data. Quantitative analysis involved calculating species diversity indices and relative abundance.

Results. A total of 4.586 prawns were collected, of which 4.579 individuals were identified as M. lanchesteri and only seven as M. lar. The highest abundance occurred at Dermaga station, where favorable habitat conditions supported large numbers of ovigerous females, while the Outlet recorded the lowest abundance of M. lanchesteri where they inhabit sympatry with M. lar. The Shannon index indicated extremely low species diversity reflecting the competitive exclusion of other prawns. Despite acidic water conditions (pH 5.0–5.5), M. lanchesteri thrived, demonstrating ecological tolerance and invasive capacity.

Conclusion. These findings confirm that M. lanchesteri has fully invaded Lake Talaga. The study provides essential baseline data for ecological management and conservation strategies in Sulawesi’s freshwater ecosystems.

rice prawn; crustacean; palaemonidae; alien species

3

Bioactivity of fractions of fungal endophyte KPS04 from Curcuma alba as antibacterial, identification of chemical compounds, and its molecular identification

1Praptiwi, 1Evana, 2Muhammad Ilyas, 1Ahmad Fathoni, 1Dwinna Rahmi, 1Marlin M. Raunsai, and 3Salma N. Azizah

1Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicines, National Research and Innovation Agency;

2Research Center for Biosystematic and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency;

3Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Introduction. Endophytic fungus KPS04 was isolated from Curcuma alba, a medicinal plant with several bioactivities. Endophytic fungi have been known to produce metabolites similar to those of the host plant, including bioactive compounds. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the fractions of KPS04 extract, its chemical compounds, and the molecular identification of the endophytic fungus.

Research Methods. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using a 96-well microplate serial dilution assay. The chemical compound content was analysed using LC-HRMS. While the molecular fungal identification was performed using phylogenetic relationships.

Data Analysis. The data obtained was analysed descriptively. Results. The results showed that the fraction of 10.4 of endophytic fungus KPS04 had strong antibacterial activity against S.aureus (MIC value 32 ug/mL) and E.coli (MIC value 64 ug/mL). The molecular identification showed that the endophytic fungus KPS04 was identified as Fusarium oxysporum, with its closest taxon being F. oxysporum strain MVA28. The chemical compounds will also be presented.

Conclusion. Based on the findings, Fusarium oxysporum KPS04 from Curcuma alba could be a potential antibacterial agent. Further research is urgently needed to isolate the metabolite with potential antibacterial activity.

antibacterial; Curcuma alba; endophytic fungus KPS04; molecular identification

4

Video-Based Plant Biodiversity Recognition Using Multimodal Large Language Models: A Case Study in Central Java, Indonesia

Affix Mareta

Universitas Tidar

Introduction. Indonesia harbors one of the world's richest plant biodiversities, yet systematic documentation remains constrained by the limited availability of trained taxonomists and the logistical challenges of conducting field surveys across diverse ecosystems. This study proposes a novel framework for automated plant species identification by leveraging multimodal large language models (LLMs) and computer vision techniques applied to video data collected in Central Java, Indonesia.

Research Methods. A multimodal LLM is integrated to perform species-level reasoning, generating scientific nomenclature for each detected specimen.

Data Analysis. Model performance is evaluated using accuracy, precision, and recall metrics benchmarked against single-image classification baselines.

Results. Preliminary results demonstrate that the video-based system achieves competitive identification accuracy compared to single-image baselines, while providing richer contextual output including phenological observations and habitat cues derived from continuous video sequences.

Conclusion. This work contributes a scalable, low-cost biodiversity monitoring framework applicable to conservation efforts, ecological research, and citizen science initiatives across Indonesia's megadiverse landscapes, offering a replicable model for automated plant documentation in data-scarce tropical environments.

plant biodiversity; video analysis; multimodal LLM; F4 computer vision; species identification;

Indonesia; conservation technology

5

Analysis of the diversity of freshwater shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea) in oil palm plantation areas, Kecamatan Baras, Kabupaten Pasangkayu, Sulawesi Barat

1Nurul Amalia M. Dg. Marakka and 2Annawaty

Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tadulako;

Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tadulako

Introduction. Streams provide important habitats for various aquatic organisms, including freshwater shrimp that play roles in food webs. However, streams ecosystems located within oil palm plantation areas may experience environmental changes that affect aquatic biodiversity. This study aimed to determine the diversity of freshwater shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea) and the physicochemical conditions of stream waters flowing through oil palm plantation areas in Kecamatan Baras, Kabupaten Pasangkayu, Sulawesi Barat.

Research Methods. Sampling was conducted in November 2025 at seven stations using the road sampling method. Specimens were identified based on morphological characters and the identified specimens were then illustrated as line drawings using Adobe Illustrator software.

Data Analysis. Freshwater shrimp diversity was analyzed using the Shannon diversity index (H’), while the physicochemical conditions of stream waters were assessed based on water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen,stream depth, stream width, habitat, substrate, and current velocity.

Results. The results recorded 14 species belonging to the families Atyidae and Palaemonidae. The family Atyidae was represented by Atyopsis spinipes, Caridina brachydactyla, C. gracilipes, C. gracilirostris, C. serratirostris, C. typus, C. villadolidi, and C. weberi, while the family Palaemonidae comprised Macrobrachium australe, M. horstii, M. lanatum, M. lar, M. latidactylus, and M. placidulum.

Conclusion. Freshwater shrimp diversity in streams flowing through oil palm plantation areas of Kecamatan Baras was categorized as low to moderate. The physicochemical conditions of the waters remained within ranges suitable for freshwater shrimp survival. These findings provide the first baseline

data on freshwater shrimp diversity in Kecamatan Baras and contribute to future biodiversity conservation and ecological monitoring efforts.

freshwater shrimp; Decapoda; Caridea; diversity; stream; oil palm plantation.

6

Application of DNA barcoding for identification of Caridina sulawesi Cai & Ng, 2009 from Lake Kalimpa’a, Poso, Sulawesi Tengah

1Syafina Quratu 'Aini, 2Achmad Farajallah, and 1Annawaty

1Universitas Tadulako;

2IPB University

Introduction. Caridina sulawesi Cai & Ng, 2009 is an endemic freshwater shrimp species widely distributed in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Although the species has been identified primarily on the basis of morphology, variation in diagnostic characters among populations has raised questions regarding its taxonomic consistency across different localities. In particular, population form Lake Kalimpa’a, Sulawesi Tengah, display morphological differences from previously reported populations, while molecular data from this locality remain unavailable. This study aimed to identify and analyze Caridina specimens from Lake Kalimpa’a using DNA barcoding based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene.

Research Methods. Samples were collected from Lake Kalimpa’a, Sulawesi Tengah, using tray net and preserved in 96% ethanol. Samples were identified based on their morphological feature. Samples were analyzed through DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing.

Data Analysis. Sequences were compared using BLAST. Genetic distance analysis was performed to evaluate divergence among populations, and phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using MEGA12.

Results. All samples produced sequences of 792 bp with 99–100% similarity to C. sulawesi from Napu. No genetic divergence was observed between Lake Kalimpa’a and Napu populations, while a slight divergence was found with the Maros population. Phylogenetic analysis showed all populations forming a monophyletic clade.

Conclusion. The COI barcode sequences confirmed that the population from Lake Kalimpa’a belong to C. sulawesi and revealed low levels of genetic divergence from other populations. The results support the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for species identification and provide baseline molecular information for the conservation and management of this endemic freshwater shrimp.

Caridina sulawesi; DNA barcoding; gen COI; Lake Kalimpa’a

7

Rafflesia Ecotourism as a Sustainable Economy Strategy in Mountainous Habitats: Balancing Conservation, Community Benefits, and Tourism Development

Dewi Lestari

Research Centre for Biota Systems, BRIN

Introduction. Rafflesia, renowned as the world's largest flower, has emerged as a flagship species for biodiversity conservation in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Its growing popularity as an ecotourism attraction presents opportunities to promote biodiversity conservation, environmental education, and local economic development. However, increasing tourism activities may also generate ecological disturbances, social inequalities, and governance challenges that threaten the long-term sustainability of both the species and its habitat. This study examines the opportunities and risks associated with Rafflesia ecotourism and explores how these trade-offs can be balanced to support sustainable mountain development.

Research Methods. Using a mixed-methods approach with literature review, focus group discussion (FGD) and observation.

Data Analysis. The data were qualitatively analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes were initially identified through open coding and subsequently grouped into broader categories. The resulting themes informed the development of a conceptual framework for sustainable Rafflesia ecotourism.

Results. The thematic analysis identified four interconnected themes that collectively explain the opportunities, risks, and governance requirements of Rafflesia ecotourism in mountainous habitats. These themes comprise: (1) Rafflesia as natural capital for a mountain green economy, (2) community benefits and livelihood opportunities, (3) ecological vulnerabilities and tourism-related risks, and (4) governance as the mechanism for balancing conservation, tourism development, and community well-being. Governance mechanisms are critical determinants of whether ecotourism functions as a conservation incentive or becomes a source of ecological degradation. A framework for sustainable Rafflesia ecotourism is proposed, integrating ecological integrity, community well-being, responsible tourism development, and adaptive governance.

Conclusion. Rafflesia ecotourism is not inherently sustainable; its contribution to a mountain green economy depends on governance systems capable of balancing conservation, community benefits, and tourism development. The proposed framework is intended to provide practical guidance for the development of sustainable Rafflesia ecotourism and reference for biodiversity-based ecotourism initiatives in Southeast Asia and other biodiversity-rich regions facing similar conservation and development challenges.

Rafflesia; ecotourism; conservation; framework; community participation; sustainable biodiversity

8

Morphochemical Characterization and Taxonomic Affinities of Three Akar Kuning Species (Menispermaceae): Implications for Bioresource Innovation in Montane Agroecosystems

1Fajar Andre Kurnianto, 1Priyanti, and 2Ria Cahyaningsih

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah;

2National Research and Innovation Agency Bogor Botanical Gardens, Bogor, Indonesia

Introduction. kuning is a woody liana (Menispermaceae) conserved in Bogor Botanical Gardens as Arcangelisia flava, Fibraurea tinctoria, and Coscinium fenestratum. These plants grow in lowland to mountainous areas in Indonesia, offering potential for sustainable agriculture and bioresource innovation in mountain ecosystems. This study aims to characterize stem and leaf morphology, determine phytochemical content, examine the correlation between morphology and flavonoid levels, and assess kinship among accessions to support future cultivation.

Research Methods. Stems and leaves were collected by purposive sampling from 11 accessions for morphological characterization and 10 accessions for phytochemical tests. Qualitative screening identified compound classes, and total flavonoid content was quantified. Twenty-two morphological characters were recorded.

Data Analysis. Phytochemical presence was recorded qualitatively, and flavonoids were measured spectrophotometrically. A dendrogram was constructed using similarity coefficients, and Pearson correlation tested the relationship between morphology and flavonoid content.

Results. The dendrogram revealed two major groups, with the closest taxonomic affinity between A. flava accession 114 and A. flava accession 40 (similarity coefficient 0.91). Phytochemical screening detected flavonoids and saponins in stems. The highest total flavonoid level (81 mg/g) was in A.

flava accession 280. Pearson correlation showed no significant relationship between morphological characters and flavonoid content.

Conclusion. The collection exhibits distinct morphochemical groupings and consistent flavonoids and saponins. A. flava 280 had the highest flavonoid concentration. Morphological traits do not correlate with flavonoid levels. These findings clarify taxonomic affinities and support the selection of elite accessions for bioresource innovation in montane agroecosystems.

akar kuning; Arcangelisia flava; morphochemical characterization; taxonomic affinity;

flavonoid content; Bogor Botanical Gardens; bioresource innovation; montane agroecosystems

9

Analysis of tree importance value index for conservation forest health assessment

Ali Wafa, Rahmat Safe'i, and Gunardi Djoko Winarno

Master of Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung

Introduction. Conservation forests as wildlife habitats must maintain their quality and function to ensure the sustainability of the resources within them remains balanced. Therefore, conservation forests must be in a healthy and sustainable condition, which can be measured by the condition of the forest health. The measured forest health can be used as a reference for forest area management.

Research Methods. This study uses the Forest Health Monitoring method. Data collection by creating 2 plot clusters at each resort so that the total plot clusters are 6. The main parameter assessed was the tree importance index.

Data Analysis. The research data was analyzed using the Microsoft Excel application to find the importance value index for each plot cluster.

Results. The results of this study indicate that the forest health status, based on the tree importance index, is good at Way Kanan Resort, while Susukan Baru Resort and Rawa Bunder Resort are poor. This is because the Susukan Baru Resort and Rawa Bunder Resort often experience forest fires which result in a decrease in the number of trees.

Conclusion. The forest health status based on the importance value index in SPTN 1 Way Kambas National Park is in the poor category.

Conservation forests; Forest Health Monitoring; forest health; Importance value index

10

Short communication: first report of Sodium Azide (NaN3) induced variegated mutants in Coffea arabica L. following bud immersion treatment

1Aswin Hendry Atmoko, 2Raikhan Dwi Prasetya, 3Ikhsan Khoirutdin, 4Yusuf Rafli Kurniawan, 2Brahmadha Alif Fayza Ramadhani, 3Renata Putri Lestari6

1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret;

2Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tidar;

3Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tidar

Introduction. Leaf variegation is a valuable ornamental trait and an important genetic resource for studying chloroplast development and somatic mutations. However, induction of variegated mutants in Coffea arabica through direct sodium azide treatment on apical buds has not previously been reported.

Research Methods. Two Arabica coffee cultivars (Lini S and Sigararutang) were treated by immersing apical buds in sodium azide solutions at 100 and 200 ppm for two hours. Regenerated shoots were evaluated for survival and variegation, while variegated branches were propagated by stem cuttings to assess vegetative stability.

Data Analysis. Data on shoot survival and variegated mutant frequency were analyzed descriptively by calculating the mean values and percentages for each treatment and cultivar, then the results were presented graphically.

Results. The highest shoot regeneration was obtained in the Lini S cultivar at the 100 ppm treatment.

Variegated mutants were observed only at 100 ppm, with mutation frequencies of 6.67% in Lini S and 3.33% in Sigararutang. The variegated phenotype was successfully maintained after vegetative propagation, indicating stable transmission through stem cuttings. Anatomical observations confirmed the coexistence of pigmented and non-pigmented tissues within the same leaf, supporting the occurrence of chimeric variegation.

Conclusion. This study presents the first report of sodium azide-induced variegated mutants in Coffea arabica L. through bud immersion treatment. The method provides a simple and effective approach for developing novel ornamental coffee germplasm and offers a foundation for future studies on somatic mutation and plant breeding.

Chimera; Coffea arabica, mutation breeding, variegated mutant

11

Diversity of Cerambycid Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi

1Alevia Haerunnisah, 2Fitrallisan Fitrallisan, 3Annawaty, 4Marline Bite', 5Ongky Ongky, 6Septian Dwi Cahyo, and 7Tri Atmowidi, Fahri Fahri

Universitas Tadulako; Universitas Tadulako; Universitas Tadulako; Masyarakat Zoologi Wallacea (MZW); Universitas Tadulako; IPB University; IPB University

Introduction. Cerambycid beetles play important ecological roles in wood decomposition, nutrient cycling and are widely recognized as potential bioindicators of forest ecosystem quality. Habitat characteristics influence their diversity and community composition.

Research Methods. Fieldwork was conducted in September 2025 in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, including its surrounding areas. Cerambycid beetles were sampled from primary forest, secondary forest 1, secondary forest 2, and agroforestry. Cerambycid beetles were collected using artocarpus-baited traps and insect nets.

Data Analysis. Species diversity was assessed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou's evenness index (E), Simpson's dominance index (D), Bray–Curtis similarity index, Venn diagrams, and rarefaction–extrapolation curves. All statistical analyses were performed in R Studio.

Results. A total of 280 individuals representing 29 species, 14 genera, and 8 tribes were recorded. Secondary forest 1 had the highest richness (24 species), whereas primary forest and agroforestry each had 12 species. Species diversity was moderate (H' = 2.26–2.78), evenness was high (E = 0.87–0.96), and dominance was low (D = 0.08–0.12). Community similarity ranged from 0.43 to 0.76. Five species (Epepeotes plorator, Sternohammus celebensis, Sybra cf. lateralis, Acalolepta rusticatrix, and Pterolophia biloba) occurred in all habitats types, whereas 10 species were restricted to a single habitat, comprising one species in primary forest, six in secondary forest 1, two in secondary forest 2, and one in agroforestry.

Conclusion. Secondary forests harbored greater Cerambycidae diversity and distinct assemblages, emphasizing their important role in conserving cerambycid communities within Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park and its surrounding areas.

Cerambycidae; species diversity; community similarity; secondary forest; Bantimurung

12

Diversity of Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Across Various Habitat Types and elevational in Mount Rantemario, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

1Marline Bite’, 1Fitrallisan Fitrallisan, 1Annawaty, 1Alevia Haerunnisah, 2Ongky Ongky, 1Septian Dwi Cahyo1, 3Tri Atmowidi, and 1,4Fahri Fahri

1Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tadulako;

2Masyarakat Zoologi Walacea (MZW),

3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University);

4Doctoral Student of Animal Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University)

Introduction. Longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) are wood decomposers and forest bioindicators. This study analyzed cerambycid diversity across habitats and elevations on Mount Rantemario, Indonesia.

Research Methods. Sampling was conducted from September 2025 to November 2026. Based on habitat variation and elevation, seven sampling sites were selected to represent four habitat types (polyculture plantations, agroforestry, secondary forests, and primary forests) along an elevational gradient ranging from 750 to 2,780 m a.s.l. Cerambycid beetles were collected using artocarpus traps, light traps, and sweep nets. Environmental parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, canopy height, canopy cover, and deadwood volume, were also measured.

Data Analysis. Species diversity and evenness were assessed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) and Pielou's evenness index (E). Species richness was evaluated along the elevational gradient. The relationships between environmental variables and cerambycid abundance were examined using PCA and GLMMs. All statistical analyses were performed using R Studio.

Results. A total of 295 individuals representing 45 species, 14 genera, and 9 tribes were collected. Species diversity was moderate (H′= 1.24–2.45), and evenness was high (E=0.74–0.98). Polyculture plantations exhibited the highest species richness (19 species), whereas high-elevation primary forests supported the lowest richness (4 species). Cerambycid beetles were recorded at elevations of up to 2,780 m a.s.l. Environmental factors positively associated with species richness included air temperature, relative humidity, canopy height, and canopy cover.

Conclusion. Habitat-specific microclimatic conditions influence cerambycid distribution on Mt. Rantemario. These findings provide essential guidance for biodiversity conservation and forest management in tropical montane ecosystems.

Cerambycidae; diversity; habitat types; Mount Rantemario; Wallacea.

13

Chronic Hepatic Safety of Caesalpinia sappan L. Extract in Rattus norvegicus: Dose-Response, Biochemical Markers, and Sex-Based Histopathology

1Yasmi Purnamasari Kuntana, 1Nadila Salnabilla Puspita, 2Mohammad Ghozali, 1Ratu Safitri1

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia;

2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia.

Introduction. Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) has the potential to be a herbaceous plant because it has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective activity, and can function as an iron chelating agent. Based on this, accumulation monitoring is needed to assess potential hazards due to the accumulation of compounds in vital organs such as the kidneys and liver. This study was conducted to determine the level of toxicity of sappan wood extract to the structure and function of the liver in male and female rats.

Research Methods. The study was conducted experimentally in a laboratory with a Complete Random Design (RAL) using rat test animals Rattus norvegicus with 6 treatments including negative control and secang wood extract doses of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 mg/kg BB given gavage for 6 months.

Data Analysis. Data were analyzed using a 6 X 2 factorial pattern ANOVA and the Duncan test (p < 0.05).

Results. The results showed that the administration of secang wood extract at doses of 100 mg/kg BB and 200 mg/kg BB did not have a chronic effect on the relative weight of organs and the histopatology of the liver including the percentage of hepatocyte cells and necrosis, sinusoids, centralist veins, and fibrosis The administration of secang wood extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg BB to 600 mg/kg BB does not have a chronic effect on liver function which includes ALP, GGT, and ALT levels but does affect AST levels. The administration of sappang wood extract has different effects on male and female rats. Differences were found in structural parameters including the percentage of hepatocyte cells and necrosis, sinusoids, and centralist veins.

Conclusion. Secang wood extract has the potential to become an herbal medicine.

Caesalpinia sappan, chronic toxicity, Gender, Liver, Rattus norvegicus

14

Herpetofauna Diversity in Enclave Lindu Area, Central Sulawesi

1Septian Dwi Cahyo, 1Fitrallisan Fitrallisan, 2,4Ray Randers, 1Annawaty Annawaty, and 1,3Fahri Fahri

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University;

2Master Student of Animal Biosciense, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University);

3Doctoral Student of Animal Biosciense, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University);

4Masyarakat Zoologi Wallacea (MZW)

Introduction. The Enclave Lindu, which surrounds Lake Lindu, is located within the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) in Central Sulawesi and encompasses habitat that support a variety of wildlife, including Herpetofauna. To date, available data on herpetofaunal species diversity in this area do not yet represent the full range of herpetofaunal species present. Therefore, this study was conducted.

Research Methods. Active collection techniques were employed using visual encounter survey (VES), combined with passive methods such as pitfall fence trap and sticky trap. These were implemented multiple line transect across habitat forest, agroforestry, plantation, ricefields, and rural area.

Data Analysis. Species diversity was assessed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou's evenness index (E). Analysis of habitat preferences is presented in the Sankey and Venn diagrams. All statistical and habitat preferences analysis were performed in R Studio.

Results. The study successfully documented 34 herpetofauna species representing 13 families. Diversity and evenness indices varied across different habitats and microhabitats. Forest had the highest richness (26 species). Species diversity was moderate (H'= 1.16–3.1), evenness was high (E= 0.5–1.0). Habitat preference analysis revealed that Bronchocela cristatella and Eutropis multifasciata were found in all

habitat types, while Ahaetulla prasina was restricted to plantation.

Conclusion. The forest provides temperatures that support the life of various herpetofauna species. These findings highlight the ecological importance of the Enclave Lindu as a conservation area for herpetofauna and contribute valuable baseline data for the management of LLNP.

Herpetofauna, species diversity, enclave Lindu, habitat preferences.

15

Integrated Environmental Quality Index and Spatial Water Risk Model for Sustainable Environmental Management in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

1Sri Haryanti,2Prabang Setyono, and 3Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi

1Doctoral Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate School Universitas Sebelas Maret;

2Doctoral Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate School Universitas Sebelas Maret; 3Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Introduction. This study develops a framework that combines multi-year IKLH assessments with spatial water risk modelling to identify critical points in the composite Environmental Quality Index (IKLH) for Sleman Regency Yogyakarta. Rapid urbanisation and the conversion of agricultural land into built-up areas have threatened surface water ecosystems.

Research Methods. This study utilises water, air and land indices to calculate composite environmental quality trends. This was carried out using a dataset from long-term environmental monitoring (2023–2025) at 14 major rivers and various ambient monitoring stations in Sleman Regency. A Geographic Information System (GIS) overlay matrix combines local hydrochemical pollution characteristics (faecal coliforms, BOD and COD) with land-use density layers in spatial buffer zones around the monitoring stations to simulate spatial water risks.

Data Analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to evaluate annual IKLH and pollutant ratio thresholds. GIS-based overlay and proximity buffer methods were used to conduct a visual assessment of spatial dynamics, land-cover changes and risk distribution patterns in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river network.

Results. Although the composite administrative IKLH score improved in 2025 (72.37) as a result of regulatory changes, the physical aquatic environment is facing significant ecological challenges. Only ten per cent of monitoring points meet the established quality standards. With critical risk ratios of 0.0920 for NO₂ (0,0920) and SO₂ (0,1214) fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is the most dominant atmospheric stressor. Furthermore, it is approaching the threshold of 0.9073 for (PM₂.₅).

environmental quality index; geographical information system; land-use density; particulate

matter; spatial water risk modeling

16

Diatom Dominance as a Bioindicator of Eutrophication Severity and Ecosystem Stress in Jakarta Bay

1Tumpak Sidabutar, 1H.A.W. Cappenberg, and 2Endang S. Srimariana

1Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN);

2Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University,

Introduction. Jakarta Bay, one of Indonesia's most intensively urbanized coastal systems, has experienced chronic eutrophication linked to rapid coastal urbanization and sustained anthropogenic nutrient loading. This study examines phytoplankton community responses to nutrient enrichment using long-term data (2008–2024) collected across the inner, middle, and outer zones of the bay during contrasting monsoon periods.

Methods. Environmental variables—temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate, were measured following standard oceanographic protocols, while phytoplankton composition, abundance, and diversity indices were used to characterize trophic status.

Results. The phytoplankton assemblage was consistently dominated by diatoms, with Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, and Thalassiosira together comprising more than 90% of total abundance. A marked bloom occurred in 2009–2010 during an intense La Niña event, coinciding with elevated nitrate concentrations and high N:P ratios (>6). Diversity (H′ = 0.7–1.6) and evenness (E = 0.3–0.6) remained consistently low, reflecting reduced community complexity and sustained ecological stress. Spatial patterns showed hypertrophic conditions in the inner bay contrasting with mesotrophic conditions offshore, corresponding to persistently high dissolved inorganic nitrogen, elevated N:P ratios, and nutrient hotspots near major river mouths.

Discussion. These results indicate that diatom dominance serves as a reliable bioindicator of eutrophication severity and ecological imbalance in tropical megacity coastal waters.

Conclusion. Sustained ecological recovery in Jakarta Bay will require integrated nutrient management, improved wastewater treatment infrastructure, and routine phytoplankton monitoring to mitigate the recurrence of harmful algal blooms.

diatom dominance, bioindicator, eutrophication, nutrient ratio, ecosystem stress.

17

Conservation of Endemic Ricefishish Oryzias kalimpaaensis: A Systematic Review and Gap Analysis

1,5,6Abdul Gani, 2,6Nadiarti Nurdin Kadir, 3,6Abigail Maary Moore, and 4,6Els De Keyzer

1Fisheries Science Doctoral Program, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar 90245, Indonesia;

2Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar 90245, Indonesia;

3Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar 90245, Indonesia;4Evolutionary Ecology Group, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk 2610, , Belgium;5Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture and Fisheries, University of Muhammadiyah Luwuk, Jl. KH Ahmad Dahlan, No. 79, Luwuk 94712, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia;

6Aquatic Macrofaunal Biodiversity and Conservation Research Group (AMBioC TRG), Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

Introduction. The Island of Sulawesi in Wallacea is home to many endemic freshwater fishes. Threats to the ricefish Oryzias kalimpaaensis, described in 2020 from Kalimpa’a Lake in the Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, include invasive species and habitat degradation. The aim of this systematic review and gap analysis was to compile and synthesise existing knowledge relevant to the bio-ecology, morphology and molecular traits of O. kalimpaaensis to identify research priorities and support the development of a conservation strategy.

Research Methods. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched the Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Mendeley, and Scopus databases using the Publish or Perish (PoP) application.

Data Analysis. Yielding a total of 310 articles of which 22 were selected for in-depth analysis.

Results. Using an inductive and deductive approach, we found that research on Sulawesi ricefishes (genus Oryzias) has predominantly focused on morphological and genetic aspects, with limited exploration of their ecology and reproduction. Key findings include the O. kalimpaaensis reproductive strategy as a pelvic brooder, unlike sympatric transfer-brooding species.

Conclusion. This study also highlights the urgency of determining volutionarily Significant Units (ESU) to prevent the extirpation of unique populations in the Lariang River watershed and the importance of integrating ecological, morphological and genetic data to identify appropriate conservation units. The gap analysis highlights the need for further research on the ecological niches and population dynamics of O. kalimpaaensis and other endemic fishes to inform effective aquatic biodiversity conservation in the Lore Lindu Park.

Oryzias kalimpaaensis, Endemic, Wallacea, Conservation, Bio-ecology, PRISMA

19

Does Live Coral Cover Influence Meiofaunal Distribution in Coral Reef Sediments of Pangkajene Islands, South Sulawesi

Hendrik A.W. Cappenberg, S. Susetiono, Jemmy Souhoka, and Tumpak Sidabutar

Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Introduction. This study investigated the distribution patterns of meiofauna inhabiting coral reef sediments in the waters of the Pangkajene Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Methods. Surveys were carried out at depths of 6 to 8 meters across sites with live coral cover spanning 10.27% to 78.47%. Sediment samples were obtained from nineteen permanent reef transect sites using a 3 cm diameter syringe barrel inserted to a depth of 10 cm.

Results. Thirteen meiofaunal taxa were identified overall, with nematodes, harpacticoid copepods, polychaetes, turbellarians, and foraminifers appearing consistently across all sites. Nematodes constituted the dominant taxon within the meiofaunal assemblages, reaching their highest abundance at Site 9 (3,764 individuals/10 cm²). Total meiofaunal density varied considerably among sites, ranging from 123 to 5,235 individuals/10 cm². Cluster analysis based on Bray–Curtis similarity distinguished three major groups at the 50% similarity threshold, a grouping pattern corroborated by non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) ordination.

Discussion. Superimposing live coral cover values onto the meiofaunal distribution pattern revealed no discernible relationship between meiofaunal abundance and coral cover.

Conclusion. These findings suggest that factors other than live coral cover exert a stronger influence on meiofaunal community structure across these coral reef sites.

coral distribution, meiofauna, coral cover, coral reef, sediment.

20

Exploration of Ethno-STEM-Based Biology Learning Tools Integrated with Acehnese Local Wisdom to Improve Students' Environmental Literacy

Adi Hartono

Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,

Universitas Samudra

Introduction. Environmental literacy has become an essential competency for students in addressing increasingly complex environmental challenges in the twenty-first century. Biology learning is expected not only to facilitate conceptual understanding but also to cultivate students' awareness, attitudes, and responsible behaviors toward environmental sustainability. However, existing biology learning resources have not optimally integrated Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) with local wisdom, particularly the rich ecological and cultural heritage of Aceh. Therefore, this study aims to explore Biology learning devices based on Ethno-STEM integrated with Acehnese local wisdom as a foundation for enhancing students'; environmental literacy.

Research Methods. This study employed an exploratory mixed-methods approach involving Biology teachers, curriculum experts, and students from selected senior high schools in Aceh. Data were collected through document analysis, questionnaires, observations, and semi-structured interviews to examine the characteristics, relevance, and implementation potential of Ethno-STEM-based Biology learning devices.

Data Analysis. Quantitative data obtained from questionnaires were analyzed descriptively using percentages, means, and categorization criteria, while qualitative data from observations, interviews, and document analysis were analyzed through open coding, data reduction, categorization, and thematic interpretation to identify patterns related to the integration of Ethno-STEM and Acehnese local wisdom.

Results. The exploration revealed that current Biology learning devices have incorporated scientific concepts but have not systematically integrated Ethno-STEM principles and Acehnese local wisdom. Several local cultural practices, indigenous ecological knowledge, and environmental conservation traditions possess strong potential to support contextual Biology learning. The findings also indicate that integrating local wisdom with STEM components can strengthen contextual learning experiences, improve students'; engagement, and provide meaningful opportunities to develop environmental literacy through authentic learning activities.

Conclusion. The study concludes that the development of Biology learning devices based on Ethno-STEM integrated with Acehnese local wisdom is both relevant and feasible for supporting environmental literacy. The exploratory findings provide an empirical foundation for designing innovative, culturally responsive, and sustainability-oriented Biology learning devices that align with the demands of twenty-first-century education.

Acehnese local wisdom; Biology learning devices; environmental literacy; Ethno-STEM;

exploratory study

21

Building the Purisatrian: Complementary Models for Anthropogenic Landscape Conservation in West Java's Mountain Corridor

1Imawan Wahyu Hidayat, 2Arief Noor Rachmadiyanto, and 3Hendra Helmanto

1Research Center for Ecology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) the Republic of Indonesia;

2Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) the Republic of Indonesia; 3Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) the Republic of Indonesia

Introduction. Anthropogenic landscapes are frequently dismissed as ecologically impoverished due to fragmentation and land-use conversion, yet corporate green spaces can function as vital complements to formal conservation areas. This study examines Purisatrian, a 4-hectare ex-situ conservation initiative developed by PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk within the Wikasatrian leadership complex, strategically positioned in the ecological corridor between Gunung Halimun-Salak and Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Parks in West Java. Employing reconciliation ecology as a theoretical framework, we investigated how corporate-led conservation can integrate biodiversity protection with entrepreneurship and cultural values.

Research Methods. A mixed-methods approach combined ecological field assessments with qualitative analysis of institutional documents and reconciliation ecology theory. Data were collected through soil and water quality analyses at multiple sampling points, inventory of 25 threatened species obtained through hibah from Kebun Raya-BRIN, and review of conservation status classifications from the IUCN Red List (2025) and national regulatory frameworks. Ecological parameters included pH, C-organic, N-total, P₂O₅, K₂O, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, porosity, BOD₅, COD, and TSS. Institutional analysis examined corporate governance structures, partnership arrangements with BRIN, and integration of local wisdom values.

Data Analysis. Soil and water quality data were analyzed by comparing results against Indonesian government standards (Permenkes No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010; PP No. 22/2021). Threatened species were categorized by IUCN status (CR, EN, VU, NT, EW, LC). Reconciliation ecology analysis employed a multi-dimensional framework assessing ecological, social, cultural, and institutional reconciliation dimensions. Vegetation structure data from the broader Wikasatrian forest were synthesized from prior assessments to contextualize the ex-situ conservation function.

Results. Purisatrian conserves 25 threatened species including Hopea bilitonensis (CR), Mangifera casturi (EW), Eusideroxylon zwageri (VU), and Calophyllum insularum (EN). Soil analysis revealed acidic pH (5.4-5.7), high C-organic and N-total, low P₂O₅ and K₂O, with variable CEC (6.18-22.84 cmol⁺/kg) and compaction (bulk density ~1.9 g/cc). Water quality showed acidic pH (5.07-5.21) requiring neutralization, elevated BOD/COD from organic matter, and TSS exceeding standards in well water. Institutional analysis confirmed active corporate-BRIN partnership, bioregional collection design, and integration of local wisdom values.

Conclusion. Purisatrian exemplifies reconciliation ecology by simultaneously addressing ecological connectivity between two national parks, ex-situ conservation of threatened flora, and integration of cultural values into corporate governance. Despite soil and water constraints requiring management interventions, this model offers a replicable framework for corporate engagement in achieving Indonesia's Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework targets, demonstrating that anthropogenic landscapes managed with minimal intervention and cultural sensitivity can serve as effective complements to protected areas in fragmented mountain ecosystems.

reconciliation ecology; ex-situ conservation; corporate green space; anthropogenic

landscape; mountain corridor; West Java

22

When Does Economic Globalization Foster Support for a Sustainable Economy? The Conditioning Role of Liberal Democracy

1Herianto, 1Diyah Putriani, and 3Basri

1Univerisitas Gadjah Mada;

2UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

The environmental consequences of economic globalization remain widely debated in the literature. While Ecological Modernization Theory argues that economic integration promotes environmental improvement through technological diffusion and stronger environmental norms, Dependency Theory contends that globalization intensifies ecological degradation and weakens public commitment to environmental protection. This theoretical divergence suggests that the relationship between economic globalization and environmental preferences may depend on institutional conditions rather than globalization itself. This study examines whether the effect of economic globalization on public support for a sustainable economy is conditional upon the quality of liberal democratic institutions. Using pooled World Values Survey data merged with country-level indicators of economic globalization (KOF Economic Globalization Index), institutional quality (V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index), and macroeconomic controls, this study employs a multilevel ordered logistic regression model to estimate the simultaneous effects of individual- and country-level determinants while controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and national economic conditions. The findings indicate that economic globalization alone exerts no systematic influence on public support for a sustainable economy. Instead, its positive effect emerges only in countries where liberal democratic institutions promote transparency, strengthen regulatory accountability, and facilitate meaningful civic participation. These institutional conditions enable the benefits of global economic integration to be translated into stronger public support for sustainability. The findings reconcile competing theoretical perspectives by demonstrating that the environmental consequences of globalization are conditional upon institutional quality rather than universally positive or negative. By shifting the analytical focus from aggregate environmental outcomes to individual-level environmental preferences, this study contributes to the literature on globalization, environmental political economy, and sustainable development, while highlighting the importance of democratic governance in translating global economic integration into stronger public support for a sustainable economy.

Economic globalization; Sustainable economy; Liberal democracy; Environmental preferences.

23

Development of an MQ Sensor-Based Electronic Nose for Non-Destructive Freshness Evaluation of Goat Meat.

Erlina Nur Arifani, Sevia Indah Purnama, Mas Aly Afandy, and Danny Kurnianto

Telkom University Purwokerto

Introduction. This paper investigates the development and testing of an innovative real-time storage monitoring system for raw chevon (goat) meat to address the subjective and insensitive nature of conventional freshness detection methods.

Research Methods. Utilizing MQ-137 and MQ-136 sensors integrated with a microcontroller, the system continuously monitored ammonia () and hydrogen sulfide () gas emissions. Data was recorded at five-minute intervals over a duration of 28 hours.

Data Analysis. The collected sensor data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to map the dynamics of meat spoilage. Additionally, kinetic modeling was applied to evaluate the reaction patterns and rate constants of the gas emissions.

Results. The developed system successfully tracked and emissions throughout the spoilage process, demonstrating its capability to detect spoilage early before any visual color changes in the meat became apparent. Kinetic modeling revealed that the release of both gases followed a zero-order reaction pattern, with reaction rate constants of 0.65 for and 0.70 for , indicating a strong correlation between storage duration and the rate of spoilage.

Conclusion. The findings confirm the significant potential of this monitoring system as an early warning tool for raw chevon meat. Implementing this technology is expected to enhance food safety standards, optimize shelf-life management, and maintain consumer confidence in fresh meat quality.

Food safety; Gas sensors (MQ-136/MQ-137); Goat meat; Meat spoilage; Principal

Component Analysis (PCA); Real-time monitoring.

24

Genetic Diversity of Lowland Rice for Drought Stress Tolerance Traits

Novalina, Afifah Fauziah, Hana Bella Sidabutar, Santi Yoan Situmorang, Jeremi Simanjuntak, Aisyah Hasibuan, Caroline, and Arif Efendi

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Rice is the most important food crop in Indonesia and several Southeast Asian countries, serving as the source of primary staple food for the majority of the population. Rice growth and yield are heavily influenced by water availability where limited or inadequate water supply can hinder growth, reduce yields, and even lead to crop failure. The development and utilization of drought-tolerant lowland rice varieties offer a solution to the problem. A series of experiments (include literature studies) were conducted to identify lowland rice varieties tolerant to drought stress. The research series was conducted from 2023 to 2026, encompasses a literature study, mutation induction using EMS, and the testing of various lowland rice varieties and mutant lines under drought stress conditions at the germination and seedling, vegetative (tillering), and generative phases. The results indicated that the IR 64 variety possesses a low tolerance to drought stress, whereas Inpari 32 exhibits moderate tolerance; several mutant lines derived from IR 64 demonstrate drought tolerance, while the Trisakti and M70D varieties display diverse characteristics regarding drought tolerance. Molecular characterization using RAPD and SSR markers revealed the presence of genetic variation, both within the same variety and among different varieties.

drought tolerance; genetic; rice; variety; variation

25

Challenges in the Implementation of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI): professional Competence and Pedagogical Preparedness of Elementary Educators

Umi Rachmawati, Taufik Arrochman, and Alifia Revan Prananda

Universitas Tidar

Introduction. English as a Medium of Instruction in primary education has thus seen a global spread that seems to permeate even where No. support structures are effectively established. There is a gap between the administrative mandates and practical readiness of the teachers to conduct effective teaching and learning of English. This article is aimed at investigating the challenges of the implementation of English as an Instructional Medium in elementary education during the teaching and learning of English. The focus of this study is to analyze from the teachers’ perspectives on the challenges of EMI for the elementary teachers.Research Methods. Using a mixed-method approach with surveys and interviews, 35 teachers participated in this exploratory study.

Data Analysis. The data were descriptively analyzed by using qualitative procedure namely data collection, data reduction, data coding, data analysis, and data presentation.

Results. The findings indicate that the teachers’ personal background plays an important aspect in the implementation of EMI. The teachers’ educational background, teaching experience, English proficiency, and their professional development. The implementation of EMI also influences by the classroom context and characteristics of the learners. The classroom instructions, greetings, and simple explanations, and selected classroom activities, while switching to the students’ first language. The teachers’ limited English proficiency and lack of confidence in using English require more demand to the teachers to use English in the classroom. They need to have more content-specific needs developments through possible programs. The findings suggest that successful implementation of EMI is the collaboration of the teachers; personal backgrounds, teaching experiences, and the supports addressing the professional

development.

Conclusion. The implementation of EMI integrates many aspects such as teachers’ personal backgrounds, their existing classroom practices, and facilities to professional needs. This addresses the limited access to more formal EMI preparation and the teachers’ professional development.

EMI, elementary teacher, ELT

26

Biochar as a sustainable solution for degraded land rehabilitation

1,2Eni Maftu’ah, 1Puspita H. Maharani, 1,2Yiyi Sulaeman, 1,2Mukhlis, 1,2Khairatun Napisah, 1,2Anna Hairani, 1,2Rina. D. Ningsih, 2,3Sunardi, 4Nuryani H. Utami, and 5Siswadi

1Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia. Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16916, Indonesia;

2Wetland Management Collaborative Research Center, the University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, 70714, Indonesia;

3University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, 70714, Indonesia

4Agriculture Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281;

5Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia

Land degradation is among the most important environmental challenges affecting soil health, food production and resilience of the ecosystems. We need effective and environmentally viable methods for degraded land restoration, improving soil quality and increasing long-term resilience.” Biochar, a stable carbon-rich product obtained from biomass, has attracted more and more interest as a sustainable soil amendment due to its potential to enhance soil structure, improve water and nutrient retention, reduce soil acidity, and promote beneficial soil microorganisms. Biochar is not only a soil productivity replenisher but also a long term carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation tool. Biochar is also generated from locally available agricultural and forestry residues, contributing to the effective utilization of biomass resources in a circular economy context. This study discusses the potential of biochar as a novel and sustainable option for rehabilitation of degraded land. The paper focuses on biochar’s function in boosting soil health, developing resilience of ecosystems and encouraging sustainable land management.

Biochar; Degraded Land Rehabilitation; Soil Health; Sustainable Land Management; Carbon Sequestration;

27

Carbon Dynamics and Growth Patterns of Acacia crassicarpa Plantations on West Kalimantan Peatlands

1,2Dwi Astiani, 1Hanna Artuti Ekamawanti, 1Wiwik Ekyastuti, 1Jamiat, 1Handayani, and 1Ryan Crysjon Siahaan

1Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Tanjungpura. Jl. Prof. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak 78124, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-561-765342, 583865, 732500, Fax.: +62-561-765342,

2Consortium of Tropical Peat Sciences, Kalimantan Universities Consortium. C.q. Universitas Tanjungpura. Pontianak 78124, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Tropical peatlands store vast carbon stocks over millennia due to high vegetation productivity and slow decomposition under anaerobic conditions. However, degradation from deforestation, drainage, and land conversion for agriculture and plantations has converted these carbon sinks into significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In Landak Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, extensive peatlands have experienced uncontrolled clearing, drainage, and wildfires, leading to elevated CO₂ emissions driven by land-use change. Reforestation with tree species adapted to peat conditions may offset carbon losses over a rotation cycle, but quantitative carbon budgets for such systems remain limited. This study quantified the carbon budget of an Acacia crassicarpa plantation on degraded peatland from planting to harvest. We assessed CO₂ emissions from peat, carbon sequestration by aboveground and belowground acacia biomass, and carbon stored in understory vegetation. Results show that the acacia plantation sequestered CO₂ at an average rate of 55 Mg CO₂ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. In contrast, peat CO₂ emissions ranged from 39 to 52 Mg CO₂ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, varying with drainage intensity and stand age. Net ecosystem carbon balance was positive, indicating that carbon uptake by A. crassicarpa vegetation exceeded peat carbon losses during the rotation. These findings highlight the potential of well-managed acacia plantations to mitigate carbon losses and restore carbon sequestration functions in degraded tropical peatlands. Effective water management and minimal soil disturbance during harvest are critical to maintaining this mitigation benefit.

Acacia crassicarpa; carbon sequestration; peat CO₂ emissions; degraded peatland; carbon budget

28

Checklist, habitat types, endemism, and conservation status of orchids from Mount Lawu, Java, Indonesia, for mountain ecosystem conservation and environmental education

1,2,3Gilang Dwi Nugroho, 1,2Muhammad Arif Romadlon, 1,2Fatimah Az Zahra, 1,2Itsla Kamila Nasikh, 1,2Ida Afriani, 1Ari Pitoyo, and 1Sugiyarto

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia;

2Biodiversity Study Club, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia;

3School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung. Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia

Mount Lawu is a mountainous ecosystem on Java Island, Indonesia, that boasts high habitat diversity due to its elevation gradient and its position as a transitional region between the wetter flora of western Java and the relatively drier eastern Java. Despite its potential for high biodiversity, Mount Lawu has not yet been designated as an in situ conservation area such as a National Park or Nature Reserve. Therefore, information on species richness in this area is crucial as a basis for developing conservation strategies, biodiversity management, and environmental education. This study aims to inventory orchid diversity on Mount Lawu, evaluate habitat types, endemism levels, and conservation status. Field surveys were conducted along the elevation gradient from the slopes to the summit of Mount Lawu, while species identification was based on the latest taxonomic literature. Conservation status was analyzed based on the IUCN Red List, CITES, and Indonesian protection regulations. This study successfully documented 107 orchid species consisting of epiphytic, terrestrial, lithophytic, and evan saprophytic orchids. Of these, 20 species are endemic to Indonesia and 6 species of them are endemic to Java. The genera with the highest species richness are Bulbophyllum and Coelogyne, each consisting of 9 species, while the highest species richness is found in the montane vegetation habitat zone (1,500–2,400 m above sea level). Almost all species are included in CITES Appendix II, while Paphiopedilum javanicum is the only species included in CITES Appendix I and is Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN. The results of this study confirm the importance of Mount Lawu as the main habitat for mountain orchids in Java and provide baseline data to support the formulation of conservation priorities, population monitoring, and the development of local biodiversity-based environmental education programs to increase public awareness of mountain ecosystem conservation.

Conservation; biodiversity monitoring; environmental education; mountain ecosystem; Orchidaceae

29

Diversity of Herpetofauna in Batu Lintang Village, Embaloh Hulu District, Kapuas Hulu Regency West Kalimantan

1Inaya Khairunisa, 2Riki Rahmansyah, 2Firman Heru Kurniawan, 2Mikael Repormanto, 3Muhammad Naufal Nandi Ramsyah, 4Man, 2Yokyok Hadiprakarsa, and 1Sugiyarto

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University;

2Rekam Nusantara Foundation, Rangkong Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia;

3Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University;

4The Iban Kulan Indigenous Community in Batu Lintang Village, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Herpetofauna play vital ecological roles as natural predators, prey, and bioindicators of environmental health. Batu Lintang Village, located in Embaloh Hulu Subdistrict, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan , serves as a buffer zone between Betung Kerihun and Danau Sentarum National Parks and possesses high biodiversity potential, yet lacks baseline data on herpetofauna. This study aimed to assess the diversity, richness, and evenness of herpetofauna species in the area. The research applies the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method combined with line transects, conducted during both diurnal and nocturnal periods. The transect was established with a length of 2 km and a width of 10 m, covering 5 m on each side of the transect line. The route was divided into two sections, namely the aquatic route (riverbank) and the terrestrial route, each 1 km long. Transect surveys were conducted during two time periods: nighttime to encounter nocturnal species and daytime to encounter diurnal species. Data collection was carried out by observing, documenting, and identifying each herpetofauna species encountered, while also recording the number of individuals. The study recorded a total of 60 herpetofauna species, consisting of 30 amphibian species and 30 reptile species. Among these, one species was categorized as Endangered according to the IUCN Red List, namely Heosemys spinosa, and five species were identified as endemic herpetofauna. The species with the highest relative abundance were Limnonectes paramacrodon and Eutropis multifasciata. The diversity index indicated that the herpetofauna diversity in Batu Lintang Village was moderate, with the highest diversity index found in agricultural field habitats and the lowest diversity index found in secondary dryland habitats. Factors influencing the level of herpetofauna diversity in Batu Lintang Village included variations in water pH among different types of water bodies, such as rivers, natural and artificial ponds, and stagnant drainage ditches.

herpetofauna; diversity; Visual Encounter Survey; Kapuas Hulu

30

Plant elevational distribution and parasitic association in the mistletoe-host community around the Northern Bromo Tengger Semeru–Arjuno Biosphere Reserve and adjacent areas

1Solikin and 2Ilham Kurnia Abywijaya

1Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency,Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi Dr (H.C) Ir. Soekarno, Jl. Raya Jakarta -Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong , Bogor West Java 16911;

2Research Center for Ecology, National Research and Innovation Agency ,Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi Dr (H.C) Ir. Soekarno, Jl. Raya Jakarta -Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong , Bogor West Java 16911

Abstract: Mistletoes are parasitic plants that grow abundantly in tropics. Many of their species have been reported to have severely negative impacts on various economically-important crops and many other plants. Agricultural and forestry sectors in rural area have been greatly supporting local communities’ livelihood. However, such important sectors are still prone to the parasitic mistletoe invasion. This research aimed to investigate diversity and distribution of mistletoes in an essential ecosystem of the Northern Bromo Tengger Semeru–Arjuno Biosphere Reserve. Vegetation data were collected using three designed line transects and were analyzed using standard vegetation analysis. Six mistletoe species and twenty-one host plant species were recorded. All mistletoes abundance decreased with elevations, except for Viscum ovalifolium and Scurrula atropurpurea. The most dominant mistletoe, S. atropurpurea infected nine host species, and severely parasitized Albizia chinensis and Falcataria falcata timber plantations at mid to high elevations. The second most dominant mistletoe, Dendrophthoe pentandra severely infected Mangifera indica fruit plantations and Ceiba pentandra population at low elevation levels. It parasitized a total of sixteen host species across study sites. The increasing elevation will be followed by the decreasing of the number of host and mistletoe species and the dominance of D. pentandra also sifted towards the over-dominancy of S. atropurpurea.

biosphere reserve; elevational distribution; host-parasite association; mistletoe, species diversity; species dominance

31

Potential of Tailings Land of Ex-Gold Mine as a Source of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculum for Biofertilizer

Wiwik Ekyastuti, Hanna Artuti Ekamawanti, Melinda Kiki Aprilia, Gustian

Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Daya Nasional Pontianak, West Kalimantan 78124 Tel.: +62-899-0695-566

In Menjalin District, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan, community gold mining has left tailings areas in degraded, marginal, nutrient-poor conditions. The community has begun revegetating the area, but the success rate is still very low. To improve revegetation success, biofertilizers are needed, including those indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study aimed to measure the potential of ex-gold mining tailings areas as a source of AMF inoculum for use as a biofertilizer. The study was conducted using a survey method, with purposive rhizosphere sampling in three different tailing conditions: planted with crops, perennials, and shrubs. The results showed that one AMF genus consisting of 7 different species (Glomus sp1-MJL – Glomus sp7-MJL) was found at the study site. AMF spore density ranged from 24.5 to 130.5 spores/10 grams of tailings, with a low to moderate category. AMF colonization of plant roots was categorized as low (10% to 25%). Based on the abundance of AMF spores in the rhizosphere, plant species that can be used as sources of AMF inoculum are Dillenia suffruticosa, Anthocephalus cadamba, Ipomoes batatas, and Vigna sinensis.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Biofertilizer; Tailings of ex-gold mine

32

Structure and Carbon Stock of Woody Plants in Riparian Vegetation in the Pusur River, Central Java

Florensia Adinda Saraswati, Eno Agissa Elfariani, Clarissa Fionna Putri Aristawati, Devita Anggraeni, Ahmad Dwi Setyawan, and Setyowati Putriningsih

Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta 57 126, Central Java, Indonesia. Tel./Fax. +62-271-6633755, email: volatileoils@gmail.com.

Riparian vegetation plays a critical role in maintaining ecosystem functions and sequestering carbon through woody biomass accumulation; however, information on the relationship between vegetation structure, carbon stock, and environmental conditions along tropical river systems remains limited. This study aimed to analyze woody vegetation structure and carbon stock in the riparian zone of the Pusur River, Central Java, Indonesia, and to evaluate their variation across upstream, middle, and downstream sections of the watershed. Field surveys were conducted in nine plots (100 × 10 m each; total area 0.9 ha) distributed across the three river sections. Woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were identified and measured; carbon stock was estimated using species-specific allometric equations and the SNI 7724:2011 conversion factor (0.46). Vegetation structure was assessed using the Importance Value Index (IVI), Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (D), and Evenness index (E), while air temperature, air humidity, light intensity, soil temperature, and soil pH were recorded to characterize abiotic conditions. The results showed that carbon stock varied considerably among river sections: the middle section recorded the highest carbon stock (180,785.46 MgC ha⁻¹), driven by large-diameter individuals of Ficus benjamina and Samanea saman, whereas the upstream and downstream sections stored lower carbon stocks (10,255.67 and 14,467.29 MgC ha⁻¹, respectively), dominated by regenerating Tectona grandis stands. Species diversity was moderate across all zones (H' = 1.95–2.20), with high evenness (E = 0.69–0.78) and low dominance (D = 0.17–0.20), indicating relatively stable community structure. Abiotic conditions and anthropogenic disturbances—including riparian narrowing, land-use change, and domestic waste accumulation—were associated with observed differences in vegetation characteristics along the river. These findings indicate that large-diameter woody plants play a disproportionate role in carbon storage and that protecting mature riparian trees is essential for sustaining biodiversity and enhancing carbon sequestration in the Pusur River ecosystem.

Pusur River; riparian vegetation; stock carbon; woody plant

33

The Effectiveness of the Social Forestry Program under the Customary Forest Scheme in Supporting Community Food Security in West Kalimantan

Emi Roslinda, Anggy Riskha Putri Setyadi, Gracesiana Yolanda, Vivian Adelia

Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Tanjungpura, Jalan Daya Nasional Pontianak 78124, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-561-767673

The Social Forestry (SF) program under the Customary Forest (CF) scheme is a policy instrument that provides indigenous communities with legal access to sustainably manage forest areas while supporting food security. However, empirical evidence regarding its contribution remains limited, particularly in West Kalimantan. This study analyzes the effectiveness of the SF program under the Pikul Customary Forest scheme in Melayang Hamlet, Sahan Village, Bengkayang Regency, in supporting household food security. This study employed a descriptive, quantitative approach through structured interviews, questionnaires, and field observations with community members, both members and non-members of the Forest Farmer Groups (FFG). Food security was analyzed using the cross-classification method of Maxwell and Smith, combining the Energy Adequacy Rate (EAR) and the Food Expenditure Proportion (FEP). The results indicate a mean EAR of 135.5%, with 84.2% of respondents categorized as adequate (>80%), and a mean FEP of 27.6%, with 89.5% of respondents categorized as low (<60%). A total of 78.9% of households were classified as food secure, while 10.5% each were classified as food vulnerable or food insecure. The Pikul Customary Forest contributes by providing non-timber forest products (NTFPs), including illipe nuts, durian, ferns, and mushrooms, and by supporting local agricultural activities. All respondents reported that access to forest products had become easier following the official designation of the Customary Forest. This study concludes that the SF program under the Customary Forest scheme in Sahan Village is effective in supporting community food security, although vulnerable groups remain that require further policy attention.

social forestry; customary forest, food security; non-timber forest products; West Kalimantan.

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The Study of Ecology as a Life Science Creating a Dynamic Knowledge of Nature for Sustainability

Kristiyanto

Post graduate Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Indraprasta University of PGRI, TB. Simatupang, Jagakarsa, South Jakarta, 12530, Indonesia

Ecology is not a single science, but rather an inter-discipline with the ability to dynamically and softly bridge into other disciplines of study. This is because, theoretically, ecology is one of the biological sciences that has expanded the most via research and theme diversification. Therefore, understanding the natural world attitude would be helpful to ensure that the learning process is neither, monotonous or repeated. Field study could reveal this. Understanding that ecological science is closely related to changes in the world, including the challenges we face now and in the future, and that a dynamic curriculum that keeps up with improvements is necessary. Therefore, field research is a stage in curriculum construction because curriculum content may serve as a window of information that depicts the reality of natural settings, making the learning process not merely theoretical but also or necessarily contained within it. Even though this research incorporates reflection and evaluation of the learning process to imitate learned progress, it will be examined because it has been carried out in tandem with learners' knowledge up to this point. In addition to difficulties in articulating or even developing scientific narratives, the results of the field research indicate that every learner has comprehension problems, which were noted in the research evaluation based on their scientific activities while in the field. Because ecological theory has been deemed significant and because it influences students' perception of the natural world during the learning process, teaching ecology to students must be grounded in factual sources. As a result, ecological education is a dynamic and scientific field.

Curriculum; Ecology; Field research; Learning process; Inter-

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Traditional ecological knowledge and agroecological resilience: The indigenous Dani farming system in Papua's Jayawijaya highlands

1Akhmad Kadir, 2Suharno, 3Mardi Adi Armin, and 4 Wim W Wanimbo

1Program Studi Antropologi, Fak Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Cenderawasih;

2Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Cenderawasih;

3Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Univeritas Hasanuddiin;

4Peneliti Sosial di Kabupaten Membramo Tengah, Papua Pegunungan

This study aims to explore the integration of indigenous agroecological knowledge with local wisdom in the traditional farming system of the Dani people in Baliem Valley, Jayawijaya, and its contribution to food security and ecological sustainability in the Papua highlands. A multidisciplinary qualitative methodology integrating ethnography, ethnobiology, and ethnolinguistics was applied to gain a holistic understanding of the Dani agricultural systems. Data analysis employed a thematic approach with source and method triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. The results indicate that the farming system of the Dani people remains firmly rooted in tradition, featuring a complex socio-ecological system that integrates sophisticated technical innovations with an adaptive social structure. The community continues to rely on local food sources such as sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) for daily subsistence. The kuming (mound) cultivation system, practiced on yupan (raised beds of land), enables repeated sweet potato harvests throughout the year. Meanwhile, wen ima (water trench) technology serves as both a soil moisture regulator and an erosion control measure, utilizing the excavated mud as a natural organic fertilizer. The community recognizes more than 15 local sweet potato varieties with distinct adaptive characteristics, reflecting a sophisticated risk mitigation strategy. The gender structure reveals complementary role divisions, where men are responsible for the infrastructure preparation phase through a cooperative labor system known as dapulik, while women act as custodians of biodiversity and ecological knowledge. This collectivist system not only optimizes labor efficiency but also creates a risk-sharing mechanism that strengthens community resilience against external shocks. However, the system faces challenges of knowledge erosion due to social change, the impacts of security instability, and pressures from modernization programs that insufficiently consider local values.

Indigenous knowledge; agroecology; food security; farming systems.